November 01, 2011
The Cook County pension fund actuarial value funded ratio has fallen from 88.9% to 60.7% over ten years. The unfunded accrued actuarial liabilities have reached $5.2 billion or $993 per Cook County resident.
While the County’s pension fund is not yet in quite as dire straits as some other state and local pension funds, it soon will be if no action is taken. Major reforms to contributions and benefits will keep the pension fund solvent and distribute tax burden more fairly among current and future taxpayers by tackling the problem sooner rather than requiring larger service cuts or tax increases later to keep promises made to retirees and employees. The Civic Federation’s Cook County Modernization Report recommended reforms to contributions, benefits and governance that should be implemented within the next three years.
One way to gauge the sufficiency of contributions to the fund is to compare actual employer contributions to a benchmark number that must be reported in the government’s financial statements. The financial reporting requirements for public pension funds and their associated governments are set by the Governmental Accounting Standards Board (GASB). The standards require disclosure of an Annual Required Contribution (ARC), which is an amount equal to the sum of (1) the employer’s “normal cost” of retirement benefits earned by employees in the current year and (2) the amount needed to amortize any existing unfunded accrued liability over a period of not more than 30 years. Normal cost is the portion of the present value of pension plan benefits and administrative expenses that is allocated to a given valuation year.
ARC is a financial reporting requirement but not a funding requirement. The statutorily required Cook County contribution to its pension fund is set in the state pension code. However, because paying the normal cost and amortizing the unfunded liability over a period of 30 years does represent a reasonably sound funding policy, the ARC can be used as an indicator how well a public entity is actually funding its pension plan. Cook County is required to make an annual employer contribution equivalent to 1.54 times the total employee contribution made two years earlier.[1] The County levies a property tax for this purpose and the pension amount appears as a separate line on tax bills.
The table below shows only the “combined” valuation comparison of the ARC to the actual Cook County contribution over the last ten years.[2] The employer contribution did not equal 100% of the ARC in any of the years FY2001 through FY2010. In FY2001 the $161.1 million employer contribution represented 76.3% of the ARC, meaning that $50.0 million more would need to have been contributed to meet the ARC that year. In FY2010 the $184.7 million employer contribution represented only 32.3% of the ARC for the “combined” valuation of pension and OPEB, for a shortfall of $387.6 million that year. The cumulative ten-year difference between ARC and actual employer contribution for “combined” pension and OPEB is a $2.0 billion shortfall. In 2010 the combined ARC for pension and OPEB was $572.3 million, or over three times the actual employer contribution of only $184.7 million.
Expressing ARC as a percent of payroll provides a sense of scale and affordability. In FY2001 the ARC was 16.6% of payroll while the actual employer contribution was 12.6% of payroll. In FY2010 the “combined” pension and OPEB ARC was 38.3% of payroll, while the actual employer contribution was 12.4% of payroll.
The graph below illustrates the growing gap between the “combined” pension and OPEB ARC as a percent of payroll and the actual employer contribution as a percent of payroll. The spread between the two amounts has grown from 3.9% of payroll, or $50.0 million, in FY2001 to 25.9% of payroll in FY2010. In other words, to fund the pension and retiree health care plans at a level that would both cover normal cost and amortize the unfunded liability over 30 years Cook County would have needed to contribute an additional 25.9% of payroll, or $387.6 million, in FY2010.
Cook County has consistently levied and contributed its statutorily required amount of 1.54 times the employee contribution made two years prior. However, that amount has been less than the ARC for each of the last ten years. The pension fund actuary estimates that in order to contribute an amount sufficient to meet the ARC in FY2011, Cook County would need to levy property taxes equal to a tax multiple of 4.95 rather than 1.54.[3]